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printf stuff

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Ren Kararou 2023-11-29 09:05:14 -06:00
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FORMATS(7) Standards, Environments, and Macros FORMATS(7)
NNAAMMEE
formats - file format notation
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
Utility descriptions use a syntax to describe the data organization
within files—stdin, stdout, stderr, input files, and output files—when
that organization is not otherwise obvious. The syntax is similar to
that used by the pprriinnttff(3C) function. When used for stdin or input
file descriptions, this syntax describes the format that could have
been used to write the text to be read, not a format that could be used
by the ssccaannff(3C) function to read the input file.
FFoorrmmaatt
The description of an individual record is as follows:
"<ffoorrmmaatt>", [<_a_r_g_1>, <_a_r_g_2>, ..., <_a_r_g_n>]
The ffoorrmmaatt is a character string that contains three types of objects
defined below:
_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s
Characters that are not _e_s_c_a_p_e _s_e_q_u_e_n_c_e_s
or _c_o_n_v_e_r_s_i_o_n _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s, as
described below, are copied to the
output.
_e_s_c_a_p_e _s_e_q_u_e_n_c_e_s
Represent non-graphic characters.
_c_o_n_v_e_r_s_i_o_n _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s
Specifies the output format of each
argument. (See below.)
The following characters have the following special meaning in the
format string:
```` ''''
(An empty character position.) One or more blank characters.
//\\
Exactly one space character.
The notation for spaces allows some flexibility for application output.
Note that an empty character position in ffoorrmmaatt represents one or more
blank characters on the output (not _w_h_i_t_e _s_p_a_c_e, which can include
newline characters). Therefore, another utility that reads that output
as its input must be prepared to parse the data using ssccaannff(3C),
aawwkk(1), and so forth. The character is used when exactly one space
character is output.
EEssccaappee SSeeqquueenncceess
The following table lists escape sequences and associated actions on
display devices capable of the action.
SSeeqquueennccee CChhaarraacctteerr TTeerrmmiinnaall AAccttiioonn
────────────────────────────────────────────────
\\\\ backslash None.
\\aa alert Attempts to alert
the user through
audible or visible
notification.
\\bb backspace Moves the printing
position to one
column before the
current position,
unless the current
position is the
start of a line.
\\ff form-feed Moves the printing
position to the
initial printing
position of the
next logical page.
\\nn newline Moves the printing
position to the
start of the next
line.
\\rr carriage-return Moves the printing
position to the
start of the
current line.
\\tt tab Moves the printing
position to the
next tab position
on the current
line. If there are
no more tab
positions left on
the line, the
behavior is
undefined.
\\vv vertical-tab Moves the printing
position to the
start of the next
vertical tab
position. If there
are no more
vertical tab
positions left on
the page, the
behavior is
undefined.
CCoonnvveerrssiioonn SSppeecciiffiiccaattiioonnss
Each conversion specification is introduced by the percent-sign
character (%). After the character %, the following appear in
sequence:
_f_l_a_g_s
Zero or more _f_l_a_g_s, in any order, that modify
the meaning of the conversion specification.
_f_i_e_l_d _w_i_d_t_h
An optional string of decimal digits to
specify a minimum _f_i_e_l_d _w_i_d_t_h. For an output
field, if the converted value has fewer bytes
than the field width, it is padded on the
left (or right, if the left-adjustment flag
(−), described below, has been given to the
field width).
_p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n
Gives the minimum number of digits to appear
for the d, o, i, u, x or X conversions (the
field is padded with leading zeros), the
number of digits to appear after the radix
character for the e and f conversions, the
maximum number of significant digits for the
g conversion; or the maximum number of bytes
to be written from a string in s conversion.
The precision takes the form of a period (.)
followed by a decimal digit string; a null
digit string is treated as zero.
_c_o_n_v_e_r_s_i_o_n _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s
A conversion character (see below) that
indicates the type of conversion to be
applied.
_f_l_a_g_s
The _f_l_a_g_s and their meanings are:
_−
The result of the conversion is left-justified within the
field.
_+
The result of a signed conversion always begins with a sign
(+ or −).
_<_s_p_a_c_e_>
If the first character of a signed conversion is not a
sign, a space character is prefixed to the result. This
means that if the space character and + flags both appear,
the space character flag is ignored.
_#
The value is to be converted to an alternative form. For c,
d, i, u, and s conversions, the behaviour is undefined. For
o conversion, it increases the precision to force the first
digit of the result to be a zero. For x or X conversion, a
non-zero result has 0x or 0X prefixed to it, respectively.
For e, E, f, g, and G conversions, the result always
contains a radix character, even if no digits follow the
radix character. For g and G conversions, trailing zeros
are not removed from the result as they usually are.
_0
For d, i, o, u, x, X, e, E, f, g, and G conversions,
leading zeros (following any indication of sign or base)
are used to pad to the field width; no space padding is
performed. If the 0 and − flags both appear, the 0 flag is
ignored. For d, i, o, u, x and X conversions, if a
precision is specified, the 0 flag is ignored. For other
conversions, the behaviour is undefined.
CCoonnvveerrssiioonn CChhaarraacctteerrss
Each conversion character results in fetching zero or more arguments.
The results are undefined if there are insufficient arguments for the
format. If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess
arguments are ignored.
The _c_o_n_v_e_r_s_i_o_n _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s and their meanings are:
_d_,_i_,_o_,_u_,_x_,_X
The integer argument is written as signed decimal (d or
i), unsigned octal (o), unsigned decimal (u), or
unsigned hexadecimal notation (x and X). The d and i
specifiers convert to signed decimal in the style
[[−]]_d_d_d_d. The x conversion uses the numbers and letters
0123456789abcdef and the X conversion uses the numbers
and letters 0123456789ABCDEF. The _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n component
of the argument specifies the minimum number of digits
to appear. If the value being converted can be
represented in fewer digits than the specified minimum,
it is expanded with leading zeros. The default
precision is 1. The result of converting a zero value
with a precision of 0 is no characters. If both the
field width and precision are omitted, the
implementation may precede, follow or precede and
follow numeric arguments of types d, i and u with blank
characters; arguments of type o (octal) may be preceded
with leading zeros.
The treatment of integers and spaces is different from
the pprriinnttff(3C) function in that they can be surrounded
with blank characters. This was done so that, given a
format such as:
"%d\n",<_f_o_o>
the implementation could use a pprriinnttff(()) call such as:
printf("%6d\n", _f_o_o);
and still conform. This notation is thus somewhat like
ssccaannff(()) in addition to pprriinnttff(())..
_f
The floating point number argument is written in
decimal notation in the style [[−]]_d_d_d._d_d_d, where the
number of digits after the radix character (shown here
as a decimal point) is equal to the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n
specification. The LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC locale category
determines the radix character to use in this format.
If the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n is omitted from the argument, six
digits are written after the radix character; if the
_p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n is explicitly 0, no radix character appears.
_e_,_E
The floating point number argument is written in the
style [[−]]_d._d_d_de±dddd (the symbol ± indicates either a
plus or minus sign), where there is one digit before
the radix character (shown here as a decimal point) and
the number of digits after it is equal to the
precision. The LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC locale category determines
the radix character to use in this format. When the
precision is missing, six digits are written after the
radix character; if the precision is 0, no radix
character appears. The E conversion character produces
a number with E instead of e introducing the exponent.
The exponent always contains at least two digits.
However, if the value to be written requires an
exponent greater than two digits, additional exponent
digits are written as necessary.
_g_,_G
The floating point number argument is written in style
f or e (or in style E in the case of a G conversion
character), with the precision specifying the number of
significant digits. The style used depends on the value
converted: style g is used only if the exponent
resulting from the conversion is less than −4 or
greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing zeros
are removed from the result. A radix character appears
only if it is followed by a digit.
_c
The integer argument is converted to an uunnssiiggnneedd cchhaarr
and the resulting byte is written.
_s
The argument is taken to be a string and bytes from the
string are written until the end of the string or the
number of bytes indicated by the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n
specification of the argument is reached. If the
precision is omitted from the argument, it is taken to
be infinite, so all bytes up to the end of the string
are written.
_%
Write a % character; no argument is converted.
In no case does a non-existent or insufficient _f_i_e_l_d _w_i_d_t_h cause
truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the
field width, the field is simply expanded to contain the conversion
result. The term _f_i_e_l_d _w_i_d_t_h should not be confused with the term
_p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n used in the description of %s.
One difference from the C function pprriinnttff(()) is that the l and h
conversion characters are not used. There is no differentiation between
decimal values for type iinntt, type lloonngg, or type sshhoorrtt. The
specifications %d or %i should be interpreted as an arbitrary length
sequence of digits. Also, no distinction is made between single
precision and double precision numbers (ffllooaatt or ddoouubbllee in C). These
are simply referred to as floating point numbers.
Many of the output descriptions use the term lliinnee, such as:
"%s", <_i_n_p_u_t _l_i_n_e>
Since the definition of lliinnee includes the trailing newline character
already, there is no need to include a \\nn in the format; a double
newline character would otherwise result.
EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
EExxaammppllee 11 To represent the output of a program that prints a date and
time in the form Sunday, July 3, 10:02, where _<_w_e_e_k_d_a_y_> and _<_m_o_n_t_h_> are
strings:
"%s,/\%s/\%d,/\%d:%.2d\n",<_w_e_e_k_d_a_y>,<_m_o_n_t_h>,<_d_a_y>,<_h_o_u_r>,<_m_i_n>
EExxaammppllee 22 To show pi written to 5 decimal places:
"pi/\=/\%.5f\n",<_v_a_l_u_e _o_f _p_i>
EExxaammppllee 33 To show an input file format consisting of five colon-
separated fields:
"%s:%s:%s:%s:%s\n",<_a_r_g_1>,<_a_r_g_2>,<_a_r_g_3>,<_a_r_g_4>,<_a_r_g_5>
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
aawwkk(1), pprriinnttff(1), pprriinnttff(3C), ssccaannff(3C)
March 28, 1995 FORMATS(7)

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PRINTF(1) User Commands PRINTF(1)
NNAAMMEE
printf - write formatted output
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff
pprriinnttff _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t]...
kksshh9933
pprriinnttff _f_o_r_m_a_t [_s_t_r_i_n_g...]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff
The pprriinnttff utility writes each string operand to standard output using
_f_o_r_m_a_t to control the output format.
OOPPEERRAANNDDSS
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff
The following operands are supported by //uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff:
_f_o_r_m_a_t
A string describing the format to use to write the
remaining operands. The _f_o_r_m_a_t operand is used as the
_f_o_r_m_a_t string described on the ffoorrmmaattss(7) manual page, with
the following exceptions:
o A SSPPAACCEE character in the format string, in any
context other than a flag of a conversion
specification, is treated as an ordinary
character that is copied to the output.
o A character in the format string is treated as a
character, not as a SSPPAACCEE character.
o In addition to the escape sequences described on
the ffoorrmmaattss(7) manual page (\\\\, \\aa, \\bb, \\ff, \\nn,
\\rr, \\tt, \\vv), \\_d_d_d, where _d_d_d is a one-, two- or
three-digit octal number, is written as a byte
with the numeric value specified by the octal
number.
o The program does not precede or follow output
from the dd or uu conversion specifications with
blank characters not specified by the _f_o_r_m_a_t
operand.
o The program does not precede output from the oo
conversion specification with zeros not
specified by the _f_o_r_m_a_t operand.
o The argument used for the conversion character
(or width or precision parameters, see below)
may be taken from the _nnth argument instead of
the next unused argument, by specifying _n$$
immediately following the %% character, or the **
character (for width or precision arguments).
If _n$$ appears in any conversions in the format
string, then it must be used for all
conversions, including any variable width or
precision specifiers.
o The special character ** may be used instead of a
string of decimal digits to indicate a minimum
field width or a precision. In this case the
next available argument is used (or the _nth if
the form _n$$ is used), treating its value as a
decimal string.
o An additional conversion character, bb, is
supported as follows. The argument is taken to
be a string that can contain backslash-escape
sequences. The following backslash-escape
sequences are supported:
o the escape sequences listed on the
ffoorrmmaattss(7) manual page (\\\\, \\aa, \\bb, \\ff, \\nn,
\\rr, \\tt, \\vv), which are converted to the
characters they represent
o \\00_d_d_d, where _d_d_d is a zero-, one-, two- or
three-digit octal number that is converted
to a byte with the numeric value specified
by the octal number
o \\cc, which is written and causes pprriinnttff to
ignore any remaining characters in the
string operand containing it, any remaining
string operands and any additional
characters in the _f_o_r_m_a_t operand.
The interpretation of a backslash followed by any other
sequence of characters is unspecified.
Bytes from the converted string are written until the end
of the string or the number of bytes indicated by the
precision specification is reached. If the precision is
omitted, it is taken to be infinite, so all bytes up to the
end of the converted string are written. For each
specification that consumes an argument, the next argument
operand is evaluated and converted to the appropriate type
for the conversion as specified below. The _f_o_r_m_a_t operand
is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the argument
operands. Any extra cc or ss conversion specifications are
evaluated as if a null string argument were supplied; other
extra conversion specifications are evaluated as if a zero
argument were supplied.
When there are more argument operands than format
specifiers, and the format includes _n$$ position indicators,
then the format is reprocessed from the beginning as above,
but with the argument list starting from the next argument
after the highest _nth argument previously encountered.
If the _f_o_r_m_a_t operand contains no conversion specifications
and _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t operands are present, the results are
unspecified. If a character sequence in the _f_o_r_m_a_t operand
begins with a %% character, but does not form a valid
conversion specification, the behavior is unspecified.
_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t
The strings to be written to standard output, under the
control of ffoorrmmaatt. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t operands are treated as
strings if the corresponding conversion character is bb, cc
or ss. Otherwise, it is evaluated as a C constant, as
described by the ISO C standard, with the following
extensions:
o A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
o If the leading character is a single- or double-
quote, the value is the numeric value in the
underlying codeset of the character following
the single- or double-quote.
If an argument operand cannot be completely converted into
an internal value appropriate to the corresponding
conversion specification, a diagnostic message is written
to standard error and the utility does not exit with a zero
exit status, but continues processing any remaining
operands and writes the value accumulated at the time the
error was detected to standard output.
kksshh9933
The _f_o_r_m_a_t operands support the full range of ANSI C/C99/XPG6
formatting specifiers as well as additional specifiers:
%%bb
Each character in the string operand is processed specially, as
follows:
\\aa
Alert character.
\\bb
Backspace character.
\\cc
Terminate output without appending NEWLINE. The remaining
string operands are ignored.
\\EE
Escape character (AASSCCIIII octal 003333).
\\ff
FORM FEED character.
\\nn
NEWLINE character.
\\tt
TAB character.
\\vv
Vertical tab character.
\\\\
Backslash character.
\\00_x
The 8-bit character whose AASSCCIIII code is the 11-, 22-, or
33-digit octal number _x.
%%BB
Treat the argument as a variable name and output the value
without converting it to a string. This is most useful for
variables of type --bb.
%%HH
Output string with characters <<, &&, >>, "", and non-printable
characters, properly escaped for use in HTML and XML documents.
%%PP
Treat _s_t_r_i_n_g as an extended regular expression and convert it to
a shell pattern.
%%qq
Output _s_t_r_i_n_g quoted in a manner that it can be read in by the
shell to get back the same string. However, empty strings
resulting from missing string operands are not quoted.
%%RR
Treat _s_t_r_i_n_g as an shell pattern expression and convert it to an
extended regular expression.
%%TT
Treat _s_t_r_i_n_g as a date/time string and format it. The TT can be
preceded by (_d_f_o_r_m_a_t), where _d_f_o_r_m_a_t is a date format as defined
by the ddaattee(1) command.
%%ZZ
Output a byte whose value is 00.
When performing conversions of _s_t_r_i_n_g to satisfy a numeric format
specifier, if the first character of _s_t_r_i_n_g is ""oorr'', the value is the
numeric value in the underlying code set of the character following the
""oorr''. Otherwise, _s_t_r_i_n_g is treated like a shell arithmetic expression
and evaluated.
If a _s_t_r_i_n_g operand cannot be completely converted into a value
appropriate for that format specifier, an error occurs, but remaining
_s_t_r_i_n_g operands continue to be processed.
In addition to the format specifier extensions, the following
extensions of ANSI C/C99/XPG6 are permitted in format specifiers:
o The escape sequences \\EE and \\ee expand to the escape
character which is octal 033 in ASCII.
o The escape sequence \\ccxx expands to CTRL-x.
o The escape sequence \\CC[[.._n_a_m_e..]] expands to the collating
element _n_a_m_e.
o The escape sequence \\xx{{hheexx}} expands to the character
corresponding to the hexadecimal value hheexx.
o The format modifier flag = can be used to center a field to
a specified width. When the output is a terminal, the
character width is used rather than the number of bytes.
o Each of the integral format specifiers can have a third
modifier after width and precision that specifies the base
of the conversion from 2 to 64. In this case, the ## modifier
causes _b_a_s_e## to be prepended to the value.
o The ## modifier can be used with the dd specifier when no base
is specified to cause the output to be written in units of
1000 with a suffix of one of kk MM GG TT PP EE.
o The ## modifier can be used with the ii specifier to cause the
output to be written in units of 11002244 with a suffix of one
of KKii MMii GGii TTii PPii EEii.
If there are more _s_t_r_i_n_g operands than format specifiers, the format
string is reprocessed from the beginning. If there are fewer _s_t_r_i_n_g
operands than format specifiers, then _s_t_r_i_n_g specifiers are treated as
if empty strings were supplied, numeric conversions are treated as if 00
was supplied, and time conversions are treated as if nnooww was supplied.
When there are more argument operands than format specifiers, and the
format includes _n$$ position indicators, then the format is reprocessed
from the beginning as above, but with the argument list starting from
the next argument after the highest _nth argument previously
encountered.
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff is equivalent to kksshh9933's pprriinnttff built-in and pprriinntt --ff,
which allows additional options to be specified.
UUSSAAGGEE
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff
The pprriinnttff utility, like the pprriinnttff(3C) function on which it is based,
makes no special provision for dealing with multi-byte characters when
using the %%cc conversion specification. Applications should be extremely
cautious using either of these features when there are multi-byte
characters in the character set.
The %%bb conversion specification is not part of the ISO C standard; it
has been added here as a portable way to process backslash escapes
expanded in string operands as provided by the eecchhoo utility. See also
the USAGE section of the eecchhoo(1) manual page for ways to use pprriinnttff as
a replacement for all of the traditional versions of the eecchhoo utility.
If an argument cannot be parsed correctly for the corresponding
conversion specification, the pprriinnttff utility reports an error. Thus,
overflow and extraneous characters at the end of an argument being used
for a numeric conversion are to be reported as errors.
It is not considered an error if an argument operand is not completely
used for a cc or ss conversion or if a string operand's first or second
character is used to get the numeric value of a character.
EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff
EExxaammppllee 11 Printing a Series of Prompts
The following example alerts the user, then prints and reads a series
of prompts:
example% pprriinnttff ""\\aaPPlleeaassee ffiillll iinn tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg:: \\nnNNaammee:: ""
rreeaadd nnaammee
pprriinnttff ""PPhhoonnee nnuummbbeerr:: ""
rreeaadd pphhoonnee
EExxaammppllee 22 Printing a Table of Calculations
The following example prints a table of calculations. It reads out a
list of right and wrong answers from a file, calculates the percentage
correctly, and prints them out. The numbers are right-justified and
separated by a single tab character. The percentage is written to one
decimal place of accuracy:
example% wwhhiillee rreeaadd rriigghhtt wwrroonngg ;; ddoo
ppeerrcceenntt==$$((eecchhoo ""ssccaallee==11;;(($$rriigghhtt**110000))//(($$rriigghhtt++$$wwrroonngg))"" || bbcc))
pprriinnttff ""%%22dd rriigghhtt\\tt%%22dd wwrroonngg\\tt((%%ss%%%%))\\nn"" \\
$$rriigghhtt $$wwrroonngg $$ppeerrcceenntt
ddoonnee << ddaattaabbaassee__ffiillee
EExxaammppllee 33 Printing number strings
The command:
example% pprriinnttff ""%%55dd%%44dd\\nn"" 11 2211 332211 44332211 5544332211
produces:
1 21
3214321
54321 0
The _f_o_r_m_a_t operand is used three times to print all of the given
strings and that a 00 was supplied by pprriinnttff to satisfy the last %%44dd
conversion specification.
EExxaammppllee 44 Tabulating Conversion Errors
The following example tabulates conversion errors.
The pprriinnttff utility tells the user when conversion errors are detected
while producing numeric output. These results would be expected on an
implementation with 32-bit twos-complement integers when %%dd is
specified as the _f_o_r_m_a_t operand:
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Arguments Standard Diagnostic │
│5a 5 printf: 5a not completely converted │
│9999999999 2147483647 printf: 9999999999: Results too large │
│-9999999999 -2147483648 printf: -9999999999: Results too large │
│ABC 0 printf: ABC expected numeric value │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The value shown on standard output is what would be expected as the
return value from the function ssttrrttooll(3C). A similar correspondence
exists between %%uu and ssttrrttoouull(3C), and %%ee, %%ff and %%gg and ssttrrttoodd(3C).
EExxaammppllee 55 Printing Output for a Specific Locale
The following example prints output for a specific locale. In a locale
using the ISO/IEC 646:1991 standard as the underlying codeset, the
command:
example% pprriinnttff ""%%dd\\nn"" 33 ++33 --33 \\''33 \\""++33 ""''--33""
produces:
┌──────────────────────────────────┐
│33 Numeric value of constant 3 │
│33 Numeric value of constant 3 │
│−−33 Numeric value of constant −3 │
│5511 Numeric value of the │
│ character `3' in the ISO/IEC │
│ 646:1991 standard codeset │
│4433 Numeric value of the │
│ character `+' in the ISO/IEC │
│ 646:1991 standard codeset │
│4455 Numeric value of the │
│ character `−' in the SO/IEC │
│ 646:1991 standard codeset │
└──────────────────────────────────┘
In a locale with multi-byte characters, the value of a character is
intended to be the value of the equivalent of the wwcchhaarr__tt
representation of the character.
If an argument operand cannot be completely converted into an internal
value appropriate to the corresponding conversion specification, a
diagnostic message is written to standard error and the utility does
exit with a zero exit status, but continues processing any remaining
operands and writes the value accumulated at the time the error was
detected to standard output.
EExxaammppllee 66 Alternative floating point representation 1
The pprriinnttff utility supports an alternative floating point
representation (see pprriinnttff(3C) entry for the "%%aa"/"%%AA"), which allows
the output of floating-point values in a format that avoids the usual
base16 to base10 rounding errors.
example% printf "%a\n" 2 3.1 NaN
produces:
0x1.0000000000000000000000000000p+01
0x1.8ccccccccccccccccccccccccccdp+01
nan
EExxaammppllee 77 Alternative floating point representation 2
The following example shows two different representations of the same
floating-point value.
example% x=2 ; printf "%f == %a\n" x x
produces:
2.000000 == 0x1.0000000000000000000000000000p+01
EExxaammppllee 88 Output of unicode values
The following command will print the EURO unicode symbol (code-point
0x20ac).
example% LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 printf "[20ac]\n"
produces:
<euro>
where "<euro>" represents the EURO currency symbol character.
EExxaammppllee 99 Convert unicode character to unicode code-point value
The following command will print the hexadecimal value of a given
character.
example% export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
example% printf "%x\n" "'<euro>"
where "<euro>" represents the EURO currency symbol character (code-
point 0x20ac).
produces:
20ac
EExxaammppllee 1100 Print the numeric value of an ASCII character
example% printf "%d\n" "'A"
produces:
65
EExxaammppllee 1111 Print the language-independent date and time format
To print the language-independent date and time format, the following
statement could be used:
example% printf "format" weekday month day hour min
For example,
$ printf format "Sunday" "July" 3 10 2
For American usage, format could be the string:
"%s, %s %d, %d:%.2d\n"
producing the message:
Sunday, July 3, 10:02
Whereas for EU usage, format could be the string:
"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n"
Note that the '$' characters must be properly escaped, such as
"%1\$s, %3\$d. %2\$s, %4\$d:%5\$.2d\n" in this case
producing the message:
Sunday, 3. July, 10:02
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS
See eennvviirroonn(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of pprriinnttff: LLAANNGG, LLCC__AALLLL, LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE,
LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS, LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC, and NNLLSSPPAATTHH.
EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS
The following exit values are returned:
00
Successful completion.
>>00
An error occurred.
AATTTTRRIIBBUUTTEESS
See aattttrriibbuutteess(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
//uussrr//bbiinn//pprriinnttff
┌────────────────────┬───────────────────┐
│ ATTRIBUTE TYPE │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
├────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│CSI │ Enabled │
├────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│Interface Stability │ Committed │
├────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│Standard │ See ssttaannddaarrddss(7). │
└────────────────────┴───────────────────┘
kksshh9933
┌────────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│ ATTRIBUTE TYPE │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
│Interface Stability │ Uncommitted │
└────────────────────┴─────────────────┘
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
aawwkk(1), bbcc(1), ddaattee(1), eecchhoo(1), kksshh9933(1), pprriinnttff(3C), ssttrrttoodd(3C),
ssttrrttooll(3C), ssttrrttoouull(3C), aattttrriibbuutteess(7), eennvviirroonn(7), ffoorrmmaattss(7),
ssttaannddaarrddss(7)
NNOOTTEESS
Using format specifiers (characters following '%') which are not listed
in the pprriinnttff(3C) or this manual page will result in undefined
behavior.
Using escape sequences (the character following a backslash ('\'))
which are not listed in the pprriinnttff(3C) or this manual page will result
in undefined behavior.
Floating-point values follow C99, XPG6 and IEEE 754 standard behavior
and can handle values the same way as the platform's |lloonngg ddoouubbllee|
datatype.
Floating-point values handle the sign separately which allows signs for
values like NaN (for example, -nan), Infinite (for example, -inf) and
zero (for example, -0.0).
May 11, 2014 PRINTF(1)

643
usr/src/mei/printf/printf.c Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
/*
* Copyright 2014 Garrett D'Amore <garrett@damore.org>
* Copyright 2010 Nexenta Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
* The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <alloca.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <note.h>
#define warnx1(a, b, c) warnx(a)
#define warnx2(a, b, c) warnx(a, b)
#define warnx3(a, b, c) warnx(a, b, c)
#define PTRDIFF(x, y) ((uintptr_t)(x) - (uintptr_t)(y))
#define _(x) gettext(x)
#define PF(f, func) do { \
char *b = NULL; \
if (havewidth) \
if (haveprec) \
(void) asprintf(&b, f, fieldwidth, precision, func); \
else \
(void) asprintf(&b, f, fieldwidth, func); \
else if (haveprec) \
(void) asprintf(&b, f, precision, func); \
else \
(void) asprintf(&b, f, func); \
if (b) { \
(void) fputs(b, stdout); \
free(b); \
} \
_NOTE(CONSTCOND) } while (0)
static int asciicode(void);
static char *doformat(char *, int *);
static int escape(char *, int, size_t *);
static int getchr(void);
static int getfloating(long double *, int);
static int getint(int *);
static int getnum(intmax_t *, uintmax_t *, int);
static const char
*getstr(void);
static char *mknum(char *, char);
static void usage(void);
static const char digits[] = "0123456789";
static int myargc;
static char **myargv;
static char **gargv;
static char **maxargv;
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
size_t len;
int end, rval;
char *format, *fmt, *start;
(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
argv++;
argc--;
/*
* POSIX says: Standard utilities that do not accept options,
* but that do accept operands, shall recognize "--" as a
* first argument to be discarded.
*/
if (argc && strcmp(argv[0], "--") == 0) {
argc--;
argv++;
}
if (argc < 1) {
usage();
return (1);
}
/*
* Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion
* specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field
* width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value. Note,
* format strings are reused as necessary to use up the provided
* arguments, arguments of zero/null string are provided to use
* up the format string.
*/
fmt = format = *argv;
(void) escape(fmt, 1, &len); /* backslash interpretation */
rval = end = 0;
gargv = ++argv;
for (;;) {
maxargv = gargv;
myargv = gargv;
for (myargc = 0; gargv[myargc]; myargc++)
/* nop */;
start = fmt;
while (fmt < format + len) {
if (fmt[0] == '%') {
(void) fwrite(start, 1, PTRDIFF(fmt, start),
stdout);
if (fmt[1] == '%') {
/* %% prints a % */
(void) putchar('%');
fmt += 2;
} else {
fmt = doformat(fmt, &rval);
if (fmt == NULL)
return (1);
end = 0;
}
start = fmt;
} else
fmt++;
if (gargv > maxargv)
maxargv = gargv;
}
gargv = maxargv;
if (end == 1) {
warnx1(_("missing format character"), NULL, NULL);
return (1);
}
(void) fwrite(start, 1, PTRDIFF(fmt, start), stdout);
if (!*gargv)
return (rval);
/* Restart at the beginning of the format string. */
fmt = format;
end = 1;
}
/* NOTREACHED */
}
static char *
doformat(char *fmt, int *rval)
{
static const char skip1[] = "#'-+ 0";
int fieldwidth, haveprec, havewidth, mod_ldbl, precision;
char convch, nextch;
char *start;
char **fargv;
char *dptr;
int l;
start = alloca(strlen(fmt) + 1);
dptr = start;
*dptr++ = '%';
*dptr = 0;
fmt++;
/* look for "n$" field index specifier */
l = strspn(fmt, digits);
if ((l > 0) && (fmt[l] == '$')) {
int idx = atoi(fmt);
if (idx <= myargc) {
gargv = &myargv[idx - 1];
} else {
gargv = &myargv[myargc];
}
if (gargv > maxargv) {
maxargv = gargv;
}
fmt += l + 1;
/* save format argument */
fargv = gargv;
} else {
fargv = NULL;
}
/* skip to field width */
while (*fmt && strchr(skip1, *fmt) != NULL) {
*dptr++ = *fmt++;
*dptr = 0;
}
if (*fmt == '*') {
fmt++;
l = strspn(fmt, digits);
if ((l > 0) && (fmt[l] == '$')) {
int idx = atoi(fmt);
if (fargv == NULL) {
warnx1(_("incomplete use of n$"), NULL, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
if (idx <= myargc) {
gargv = &myargv[idx - 1];
} else {
gargv = &myargv[myargc];
}
fmt += l + 1;
} else if (fargv != NULL) {
warnx1(_("incomplete use of n$"), NULL, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
if (getint(&fieldwidth))
return (NULL);
if (gargv > maxargv) {
maxargv = gargv;
}
havewidth = 1;
*dptr++ = '*';
*dptr = 0;
} else {
havewidth = 0;
/* skip to possible '.', get following precision */
while (isdigit(*fmt)) {
*dptr++ = *fmt++;
*dptr = 0;
}
}
if (*fmt == '.') {
/* precision present? */
fmt++;
*dptr++ = '.';
if (*fmt == '*') {
fmt++;
l = strspn(fmt, digits);
if ((l > 0) && (fmt[l] == '$')) {
int idx = atoi(fmt);
if (fargv == NULL) {
warnx1(_("incomplete use of n$"),
NULL, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
if (idx <= myargc) {
gargv = &myargv[idx - 1];
} else {
gargv = &myargv[myargc];
}
fmt += l + 1;
} else if (fargv != NULL) {
warnx1(_("incomplete use of n$"), NULL, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
if (getint(&precision))
return (NULL);
if (gargv > maxargv) {
maxargv = gargv;
}
haveprec = 1;
*dptr++ = '*';
*dptr = 0;
} else {
haveprec = 0;
/* skip to conversion char */
while (isdigit(*fmt)) {
*dptr++ = *fmt++;
*dptr = 0;
}
}
} else
haveprec = 0;
if (!*fmt) {
warnx1(_("missing format character"), NULL, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
*dptr++ = *fmt;
*dptr = 0;
/*
* Look for a length modifier. POSIX doesn't have these, so
* we only support them for floating-point conversions, which
* are extensions. This is useful because the L modifier can
* be used to gain extra range and precision, while omitting
* it is more likely to produce consistent results on different
* architectures. This is not so important for integers
* because overflow is the only bad thing that can happen to
* them, but consider the command printf %a 1.1
*/
if (*fmt == 'L') {
mod_ldbl = 1;
fmt++;
if (!strchr("aAeEfFgG", *fmt)) {
warnx2(_("bad modifier L for %%%c"), *fmt, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
} else {
mod_ldbl = 0;
}
/* save the current arg offset, and set to the format arg */
if (fargv != NULL) {
gargv = fargv;
}
convch = *fmt;
nextch = *++fmt;
*fmt = '\0';
switch (convch) {
case 'b': {
size_t len;
char *p;
int getout;
p = strdup(getstr());
if (p == NULL) {
warnx2("%s", strerror(ENOMEM), NULL);
return (NULL);
}
getout = escape(p, 0, &len);
(void) fputs(p, stdout);
free(p);
if (getout)
exit(*rval);
break;
}
case 'c': {
char p;
p = getchr();
PF(start, p);
break;
}
case 's': {
const char *p;
p = getstr();
PF(start, p);
break;
}
case 'd': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u': case 'x': case 'X': {
char *f;
intmax_t val;
uintmax_t uval;
int signedconv;
signedconv = (convch == 'd' || convch == 'i');
if ((f = mknum(start, convch)) == NULL)
return (NULL);
if (getnum(&val, &uval, signedconv))
*rval = 1;
if (signedconv)
PF(f, val);
else
PF(f, uval);
break;
}
case 'e': case 'E':
case 'f': case 'F':
case 'g': case 'G':
case 'a': case 'A': {
long double p;
if (getfloating(&p, mod_ldbl))
*rval = 1;
if (mod_ldbl)
PF(start, p);
else
PF(start, (double)p);
break;
}
default:
warnx2(_("illegal format character %c"), convch, NULL);
return (NULL);
}
*fmt = nextch;
/* return the gargv to the next element */
return (fmt);
}
static char *
mknum(char *str, char ch)
{
static char *copy;
static size_t copy_size;
char *newcopy;
size_t len, newlen;
len = strlen(str) + 2;
if (len > copy_size) {
newlen = ((len + 1023) >> 10) << 10;
if ((newcopy = realloc(copy, newlen)) == NULL) {
warnx2("%s", strerror(ENOMEM), NULL);
return (NULL);
}
copy = newcopy;
copy_size = newlen;
}
(void) memmove(copy, str, len - 3);
copy[len - 3] = 'j';
copy[len - 2] = ch;
copy[len - 1] = '\0';
return (copy);
}
static int
escape(char *fmt, int percent, size_t *len)
{
char *save, *store, c;
int value;
for (save = store = fmt; ((c = *fmt) != 0); ++fmt, ++store) {
if (c != '\\') {
*store = c;
continue;
}
switch (*++fmt) {
case '\0': /* EOS, user error */
*store = '\\';
*++store = '\0';
*len = PTRDIFF(store, save);
return (0);
case '\\': /* backslash */
case '\'': /* single quote */
*store = *fmt;
break;
case 'a': /* bell/alert */
*store = '\a';
break;
case 'b': /* backspace */
*store = '\b';
break;
case 'c':
if (!percent) {
*store = '\0';
*len = PTRDIFF(store, save);
return (1);
}
*store = 'c';
break;
case 'f': /* form-feed */
*store = '\f';
break;
case 'n': /* newline */
*store = '\n';
break;
case 'r': /* carriage-return */
*store = '\r';
break;
case 't': /* horizontal tab */
*store = '\t';
break;
case 'v': /* vertical tab */
*store = '\v';
break;
/* octal constant */
case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
c = (!percent && *fmt == '0') ? 4 : 3;
for (value = 0;
c-- && *fmt >= '0' && *fmt <= '7'; ++fmt) {
value <<= 3;
value += *fmt - '0';
}
--fmt;
if (percent && value == '%') {
*store++ = '%';
*store = '%';
} else
*store = (char)value;
break;
default:
*store = *fmt;
break;
}
}
*store = '\0';
*len = PTRDIFF(store, save);
return (0);
}
static int
getchr(void)
{
if (!*gargv)
return ('\0');
return ((int)**gargv++);
}
static const char *
getstr(void)
{
if (!*gargv)
return ("");
return (*gargv++);
}
static int
getint(int *ip)
{
intmax_t val;
uintmax_t uval;
int rval;
if (getnum(&val, &uval, 1))
return (1);
rval = 0;
if (val < INT_MIN || val > INT_MAX) {
warnx3("%s: %s", *gargv, strerror(ERANGE));
rval = 1;
}
*ip = (int)val;
return (rval);
}
static int
getnum(intmax_t *ip, uintmax_t *uip, int signedconv)
{
char *ep;
int rval;
if (!*gargv) {
*ip = *uip = 0;
return (0);
}
if (**gargv == '"' || **gargv == '\'') {
if (signedconv)
*ip = asciicode();
else
*uip = asciicode();
return (0);
}
rval = 0;
errno = 0;
if (signedconv)
*ip = strtoimax(*gargv, &ep, 0);
else
*uip = strtoumax(*gargv, &ep, 0);
if (ep == *gargv) {
warnx2(_("%s: expected numeric value"), *gargv, NULL);
rval = 1;
} else if (*ep != '\0') {
warnx2(_("%s: not completely converted"), *gargv, NULL);
rval = 1;
}
if (errno == ERANGE) {
warnx3("%s: %s", *gargv, strerror(ERANGE));
rval = 1;
}
++gargv;
return (rval);
}
static int
getfloating(long double *dp, int mod_ldbl)
{
char *ep;
int rval;
if (!*gargv) {
*dp = 0.0;
return (0);
}
if (**gargv == '"' || **gargv == '\'') {
*dp = asciicode();
return (0);
}
rval = 0;
errno = 0;
if (mod_ldbl)
*dp = strtold(*gargv, &ep);
else
*dp = strtod(*gargv, &ep);
if (ep == *gargv) {
warnx2(_("%s: expected numeric value"), *gargv, NULL);
rval = 1;
} else if (*ep != '\0') {
warnx2(_("%s: not completely converted"), *gargv, NULL);
rval = 1;
}
if (errno == ERANGE) {
warnx3("%s: %s", *gargv, strerror(ERANGE));
rval = 1;
}
++gargv;
return (rval);
}
static int
asciicode(void)
{
int ch;
ch = **gargv;
if (ch == '\'' || ch == '"')
ch = (*gargv)[1];
++gargv;
return (ch);
}
static void
usage(void)
{
(void) fprintf(stderr, _("usage: printf format [arguments ...]\n"));
}

124
usr/src/mei/printf/src/printf.rs
View file

@ -54,62 +54,27 @@ fn usage() {
fn escape(escstr: String) -> String { fn escape(escstr: String) -> String {
let escmap = vec![ let escmap = vec![
("\\\\", "\\"), ("\\\\", "\\"),
//("\\a", "\a"), //("\\a", "\a"), // alert! (run bell)
//("\\b", "\b"), //("\\b", "\b"), // backspace: moves the printing position back one unless the beginning of
//("\\f", "\f"), // the line
//("\\f", "\f"), // form-feed: moves the printint position to the start of the next logical
// page ... not even sure what this means in modern practice, or how to
// implement it. My paper terminal doesn't have pages.
("\\n", "\n"), ("\\n", "\n"),
("\\r", "\r"), ("\\r", "\r"),
("\\t", "\t"), ("\\t", "\t"),
//("\\v", "\v"), //("\\v", "\v"), // vertical-tab: moves the printing position to the next vertical tab
// position. If no vtabs are left, behaviour is undefined.
]; ];
let mut im = escstr.to_owned(); let mut im = escstr.to_owned();
for esc in escmap { for esc in escmap {
im = str::replace(im.as_str(), esc.0, esc.1); im = str::replace(im.as_str(), esc.0, esc.1);
} }
// TODO: Handle octal esc // TODO: Handle octal esc \nnn where nnn is a 1-, 2-, or 3-digit octal number
im.clone() im.clone()
} }
/*
* fn fmt(fmtstr: String, args: Vec<String>) -> String {
* let mut formatted: String = "".to_string();
* let mut data = args.into_iter();
* let fmtiter = fmtstr.clone();
* let mut fmtiter = fmtiter.chars().peekable();
* for _idx in 1..fmtstr.len() {
* let c: Option<char> = fmtiter.next();
* match c {
* Some('%') => {
* let next: char = if let Some(v) = fmtiter.next() {
* v
* } else {
* formatted += String::from('%').as_str();
* break;
* };
* match next {
* 'd' => {
* if let Some(arg) = data.next() {
* if let Ok(i) = arg.parse::<i64>() {
* formatted += String::from(format!("{i}")).as_str();
* } else {
* eprintln!("printf: trying to format non-int data as int");
* }
* } else {
* eprintln!("printf: format argument not supplied");
* }
* },
* _ => formatted += {String::from('%') + String::from(next).as_str()}.as_str(),
* }
* },
* Some(c) => formatted += String::from(c).as_str(),
* None => break,
* }
* }
* formatted.clone()
* }
*/
fn fmtint(s: &str, d: Option<String>) -> String { fn fmtint(s: &str, d: Option<String>) -> String {
if let Some(i) = d { if let Some(i) = d {
format!("{i}") format!("{i}")
@ -118,46 +83,94 @@ fn fmtint(s: &str, d: Option<String>) -> String {
} }
} }
fn fmthex(s: &str, d: Option<String>, upper: bool) -> String {
String::new()
}
fn fmtstr(s: &str, d: Option<String>) -> String {
if let Some(st) = d {
format!("{st}")
} else {
String::new()
}
}
fn chkfmt(chkstr: &str) -> bool { fn chkfmt(chkstr: &str) -> bool {
// TODO: check if the thing is correct // TODO: check if the thing is correct
true true
} }
fn fmt(fmtstr: String, args: Vec<String>) -> String { fn fmt(fmtstrng: String, args: Vec<String>) -> Option<String> {
let mut formatted: String = "".to_string(); let mut formatted: String = String::new();
let mut args = args.into_iter(); let mut args = args.into_iter();
let fmtb = fmtstr.as_bytes(); let fmtb = fmtstrng.as_bytes();
let mut i = 0; let mut i = 0;
while i < fmtb.len() { while i < fmtb.len() {
if fmtb[i] == b'%' { if fmtb[i] == b'%' {
if !(i + 1 >= fmtb.len()) { if !(i + 1 >= fmtb.len()) {
let mut xe = i + 1; let mut xe = i + 1;
// find end of format specifier and get its index // find end of format specifier and get its index
if fmtb[i + 1] != b'%' {
while xe < fmtb.len() { while xe < fmtb.len() {
match fmtb[xe] { match fmtb[xe] {
b'd' | b'i' | b'o' | b'u' | b'x' | b'X' | b'f' | b'e' | b'E' | b'g' b'd' | b'i' | b'o' | b'u' | b'x' | b'X' | b'f' | b'e' | b'E' | b'g'
| b'G' | b'c' | b's' | b'%' => break, | b'G' | b'c' | b's' => break,
_ => xe += 1, _ => xe += 1,
} }
} }
if !(chkfmt(&fmtstr[i..xe])) { if !(chkfmt(&fmtstrng[i..xe])) {
eprintln!("printf: invalid format string"); eprintln!("printf: invalid format string");
i += 1; i += 1;
continue; continue;
} }
if xe >= fmtb.len() {
eprintln!("printf: unmatched format escape");
return None;
}
match fmtb[xe] { match fmtb[xe] {
b'd' => formatted += fmtint(&fmtstr[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(), // signed dec
b'd' => formatted += fmtint(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(),
// unsigned dec
// b'u' => formatted += fmtuint(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(),
// unsigned hex
b'X' => formatted += fmthex(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next(), true).as_str(),
b'x' => formatted += fmthex(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next(), false).as_str(),
// unsigned oct
// b'o' => formatted += fmtoct(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(),
// floating point
// b'f' => formatted += fmtfloat(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(),
// b'e' => formatted += fmtfloatext(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next(), false).as_str(),
// b'E' => formatted += fmtfloatext(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next(), true).as_str(),
// b'g' => formatted += this sucks
// b'G' => formatted += this sucks more
// unsigned char
// b'c' => formatted += fmtchar(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(),
// string
b's' => formatted += fmtstr(&fmtstrng[i..xe], args.next()).as_str(),
// at this point, this match should be impossible // at this point, this match should be impossible
_ => (), _ => {
eprintln!("illegal format character {}", &fmtstrng[xe..xe + 1]);
return None;
},
}; };
} else {
formatted += &"%";
}
i = xe; i = xe;
} }
} else { } else {
formatted += &fmtstr[i..i+1]; formatted += &fmtstrng[i..i+1];
} }
i += 1; i += 1;
} }
formatted.clone() Some(formatted.clone())
} }
fn main() -> ExitCode { fn main() -> ExitCode {
@ -169,8 +182,11 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
} }
if let Some(fmtstr) = args.format { if let Some(fmtstr) = args.format {
let fmtstr = fmt(escape(fmtstr), args.argument); if let Some(fmtstr) = fmt(escape(fmtstr), args.argument) {
print!("{fmtstr}"); print!("{fmtstr}");
} else {
return ExitCode::FAILURE;
}
} }
ExitCode::SUCCESS ExitCode::SUCCESS